Depression and Low Serotonin Levels – The Myth Debunked
For decades, we’ve been told that depression is caused by a “chemical imbalance” in the brain, specifically low serotonin levels. Surveys suggest that 85–90% of the public still believes this story. But recent research has seriously challenged this long-standing assumption.
The History of the Serotonin Story
In the 1990s, newer antidepressants like Prozac, Paxil, Celexa, and Lexapro were introduced. These SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) were marketed as increasing serotonin levels, and thus reducing depression. Pharmaceutical companies heavily promoted this idea through medical journals and advertising campaigns, shaping a narrative that depression was simply a chemical imbalance—and that these drugs were safe and highly effective.
In countries like the USA, direct-to-consumer advertising made the serotonin explanation even more persuasive, encouraging millions to seek antidepressants. Today, antidepressants remain the most commonly prescribed treatment for depression in Australia, the USA, Portugal, and many other countries.
What We Now Know
A groundbreaking study published in Molecular Psychiatry on 20 July 2022, titled “The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence”, has seriously challenged the chemical imbalance theory. Conducted by a respected team led by Professor Joanna Moncrief from University College London, this meta-analysis reviewed decades of research on serotonin activity, receptors, and transporter molecules.
The conclusion? “There is no evidence of a connection between reduced serotonin levels or activity and depression.”
This aligns with the perspective of many clinicians who understand that depression is a complex, multidimensional condition—often more influenced by social and psychological factors than by a single chemical imbalance.
Insights from Clinical Experts
Dr. Michael Yapko, a leading clinical psychologist, emphasizes that depression cannot be effectively treated with medication alone. While some individuals may benefit from antidepressants, their overall effectiveness and impact on the brain are not fully understood. Dr. Yapko has stated:
“If antidepressants were completely safe and highly effective, I would gladly say ‘take them!’ But…they’re not. And now, finally, the advertising myth that has given rise to widespread acceptance of questionable drugs has been challenged.”
Takeaway
This research underscores that depression is not just a chemical imbalance, and that antidepressants are only one piece of a larger treatment puzzle. Psychotherapy, lifestyle interventions, and social support remain critical components of recovery.
For those interested in reading the full study, you can access it here: Read the full research article
Sources:
- Michael Yapko
- Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA. (2022). The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence. Molecular Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
Disclaimer: Do not stop taking any antidepressant medication without consulting your prescribing professional. If you wish to reduce or discontinue your medication, speak with a qualified healthcare provider to create a safe plan.
